Analytical Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry

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Analytical Chemistry notes

1. Data analysis - Theory of errors, Statistical Treatment of Data, Theory of Sampling,  – idea of significant figures and its importance with examples – precision – accuracy — methods of expressing accuracy – error analysis – minimizing errors method of expressing prison – average deviation – standard deviation and confidence limit – (a) DOWNLOAD (b) DOWNLOAD (c) DOWNLOAD (d) DOWNLOAD


2. Basic concept of titremetric analysis – general principle of volumetric analysis, Acid-Base Titration, Oxidation Reduction Titration, Complexometric and Precipitation Titrations, Physicochemical analysis, Gravimetric Analysis, pH notation and Buffer solution – (a) DOWNLOAD (b) DOWNLOAD


3. Principles of gravimetric analysis - characteristics of precipitating agents – choice of precipitants and conditions of precipitation – specific and conditions of precipitation – specific and selective precipitants -  co – precipitation – post precipitation – peptisation – differences reduction of error – precipitation from homogeneous solutions – calculations in gravimetric methods – use of gravirnetric factor  – (a) DOWNLOAD(b) DOWNLOAD


4. Thermal analytical methods - Principle involved in thermogravimetric analysis and differential gravimetric analysis – Characterization of Polymers Using TGA, discussion of various components with block diagram – characteristics of TGA and DTA – factors affecting TGA and DTA curves – thermometric titration – (a)DOWNLOAD(b) DOWNLOAD


5. Separation and purification techniques - Principles involved in the separation of precipitates – solvent extraction and electrophoresis, Purification of solid organic compounds – extraction – use of immiscible solvents – soxhlet extraction – crystallisation – use of miscible solvents – fractional crystallization – sublimation. Purification of liquids – experimental techniques of distillation – fractional distillation – vacuum distillation – steam distillation – tests for purity – (a) DOWNLOAD(b) DOWNLOAD(c)DOWNLOAD(d) DOWNLOAD(e) DOWNLOAD


6. UV- Visible spectroscopy - Absorbtion laws – calculations involving Beer – lambert’s law – instrumentation – photocolonmeter andspectrophotometer – block diagrams with description of components – theory – types of electronic transitions – chromophore and auxochromes – absorbtion bands and intensity – factors governing absorbtion maximum and intensity – (a) DOWNLOAD (b)DOWNLOAD(c) DOWNLOAD


7. Infrared spectroscopy - principle – types of stretching and bending vibrations – vibrational frequencies – instrumentation – block diagram – source – monochromator – cell sampling techniques – detector and recorders – identification of organic molecules from characteristic absorption bands, Raman spectroscopy – Raleigh and Raman scattering – stoke’s and anti stokes lines – instrumentation block diagram – differences between IR and Raman spectroscopy – mutual exclusion principle – applications – structural diagnosis – (a)DOWNLOAD (b) DOWNLOAD (c) DOWNLOAD


8. physical and chemical Properties Employed in Instrumental Methods - Numerical Criteria,  Figures of Merit, signal to noise ratio, source of noise, improving S/N, General Design of Optical Instruments,  Sources of Radiation, Wavelength Selectors, Sample Containers, radiation Transducers (Detectors), Signal Processors and Readouts, Fiber Optics, Wavelength selectors -Filters, Monochromators, Interferometers, different detectors used in spectroscopic instruments – (a) DOWNLOAD(b) DOWNLOAD(c)DOWNLOAD (d) DOWNLOAD


9. Spectroscopy basic – General Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation (EM),  Wave Properties of EM, Quantum-Mechanical Properties of EM,  Quantitative Aspects of Spectrochemical Measurements, reflection, critical angle, errors in photometric analysis, luminescence, photo luminescence, different spectra – (a)DOWNLOAD (b) DOWNLOAD


10. Instrumental Analysis - Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) , Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES), Plasma Emission Spectroscopy, Fluorometry : Atomic Fluorescence, Molecular Level, Ultraviolet – Visible Spectroscopy (UV/Vis), Fluorometry : Molecular Fluorescence, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy (FT-RAMAN), Microwave Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR), electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy (ESR), Liquidchromatography, Adsorption Chromatography, partitionChromatography, Ion-Exchange Chromatography, Size ExclusionChromatography, Gas chromatography, Analysis through thermal energy, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Differential Scanning Coloriemetry (DSC), Generation of X-Rays, X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XFS), X-Ray Photo-emission Spectrometry (XPS), X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD), ANALYSIS THROUGH MICROSCOPY, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning ProbeMicroscopy (SPM), Polarography, Electrophoresis, Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOC), Elemental Analyzer (CHN/S Analyzer), olarimetry, UV/Visible Spectropolarimetry, Vibrational Circular/Linear Dichroism (VCD/VLD), Mass Spectrometry (MS), Laser Light Scattering System (Particle Sizing and Analysis) – (a) DOWNLOAD


1. Chromatography – Column Chromatography, Migration Rates, Distribution Constant, Retention Times, Selectivity Factor,  Zone Broadening & Column Efficiency, Optimizing Performance, Resolution, Finding Rf value, Principle of chromatography, Instrumentation, Detectors, Columns and Stationary Phases, Applications, gas chromatography full notes -Different column and  stationary phase – (a) DOWNLOAD (b) DOWNLOAD (c) DOWNLOAD(d) DOWNLOAD(e)DOWNLOAD


2. Electroanalytical spectroscopy - introduction to electroanalytical, Nerst eqn, potentiometry, memberane electrode, errors in Ph measurment, glass, solid, liquid membrane electrode, voltametry – (a)DOWNLOAD (b) DOWNLOAD (c) DOWNLOAD


3. Electrogravimetry – Flick’s law, mass transport , mass transfer, Nerst diffusion layer, mass transport vs electrode kinetics, elctrochemistry fundamentals – (a) DOWNLOAD (b) DOWNLOAD


4. Atomic absorption and fluorescence – Sample Atomization,  Atomic Absorption (AA),  Atomic Fluorescence (AF) – (a)DOWNLOAD


5. Optical atomic spectroscopy – Optical Atomic Spectra, Atomization Methods, Sample Introduction Methods – (a) DOWNLOAD


6. Atomic mass spectroscopy – Mass Spectrometers, ICP-MS, Spark Source MS,  Glow-Discharge MS,  Elemental Surface Analysis by MS,  Laser Ablation ICP-MS – (a) DOWNLOAD